TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Urticaria and Angioedema A1 - Hide, Michihiro A1 - Takahagi, Shunsuke A1 - Hiragun, Takaaki A2 - Kang, Sewon A2 - Amagai, Masayuki A2 - Bruckner, Anna L. A2 - Enk, Alexander H. A2 - Margolis, David J. A2 - McMichael, Amy J. A2 - Orringer, Jeffrey S. PY - 2019 T2 - Fitzpatrick's Dermatology, 9e AB - AT-A-GLANCEUrticaria is defined as a skin disorder characterized by local transient skin or mucosal edema (wheal) and an area of redness (erythema) that typically accompany itchy sensations and diminish within 1 day.Symptoms may occur either spontaneously (spontaneous or idiopathic urticaria) or in response to specific stimuli, such as physical stimuli or sweating (the increase of body core temperature).Mast cells and their histamine being released either spontaneously or in response to various stimuli play a crucial role in the pathogenicity of urticaria.Spontaneous or idiopathic urticaria is the subtype of urticaria that most patients experience.Autoantibodies against immunoglobulin (Ig) E or the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) that activate mast cells and basophils and induce histamine release may be detected in up to half of patients with chronic spontaneous or idiopathic urticaria (type II autoimmunity).A certain population of patients may develop angioedema mediated by bradykinin rather than histamine.Infections, stress, fatigue, and drugs, especially nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, may cause or aggravate urticaria or angioedema.However, the mechanism of mast cell activation or the exacerbation of urticaria by various factors, except for exogenous antigens and autoantibodies, remains largely unknown.Nonsedative second-generation antihistamines are the mainstay of pharmaceutical therapy.Omalizumab, anti-IgE antibody, or immunosuppressive medications may be taken for the treatment of urticaria and angioedema that is refractory to antihistamines even at high doses. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - dermatology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1162814195 ER -